One of the issues of reliable performance in the power grid is the existence of electromechanical oscillations between interconnected generators. The number of generators participating in each electromechanical oscillation mode and the frequency oscillation depends on the structure and function of the power grid. In this paper, to improve the transient nature of the network and damping electromechanical fluctuations, a decentralized robust adaptive control method based on dynamic programming has been used to design a stabilizing power system and a complementary static var compensator (SVC) controller. By applying a single line to ground fault in the network, the robustness of the designed control systems is demonstrated. Also, the simulation results of the method used in this paper are compared with controllers whose parameters are adjusted using the PSO algorithm. The simulation results show the superiority of the decentralized robust adaptive control method based on dynamic programming for the stabilizing design of the power system and the complementary SVC controller. The performance of the control method is tested using the IEEE 16-machine, 68-bus, 5-area is verified with time domain simulation.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic performance of mpMRI for detecting cribriform pattern prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: This study retrospectively enrolled 33 patients who were reported cribriform pattern prostate cancer at final pathology. The localization, grade and volumetric properties of the dominant tumors and areas with cribriform pattern at the final pathological specimens were recorded and the diagnostic value of mpMRI was evaluated on the basis of the cribriform morphology detection rate. It was analyzed using Wilcoxon test, the Chi-square test and Fisher's Exact test. The significance level (P-value) was set at. 05 in all statistical analyses. Results: A total of 58 prostate cancer foci were (38 cribriform, 20 non-cribriform foci) identified on the final pathology. mpMRI identified 36 of the 38 cribriform morphology harboring tumor foci with a sensitivity of 94. 7% (95% confidence interval 82. 7–, 98. 5%). In 17 of the 33 patients mpMRI detected single lesion and for these lesions,mpMRI identified cribriform morphology positive areas precisely in 15 patients with significantly low ADCmean and ADCmin values compared to the non-cribriform cancer areas within the primary index lesion (P <. 001). For the remaining 16 patients with multiple lesions,all of the tumor foci that harboring cribriform morphology were identified by mpMRI but in none of them any ADCmean and ADCmin value divergence were detected between the cribriform and non-cribriform pattern tumor foci within the primary index lesion. Conclusion: Cribiform pattern should be considered in single lesions with an area of lower ADC value on mpMRI.

Purpose: The present study was designed to evaluate the potential efficacy of Multiparametric-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MP-MRI) in the detection of prostate cancer locations compared to Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS) guided biopsy, as the gold standard method. Materials and Methods: A total of 66 subjects participated in this cross-sectional study. All individuals underwent MP-MRI imaging before the prostate TRUS. The findings of either method have been investigated and the comparison had been made using the Chi-squared test. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of the MP-MRI in the diagnosis of prostate cancer were 81. 8% and 93. 9%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 93. 1% and 83. 8%, respectively. Conclusion: The current study indicates that the MP-MRI imaging method has sufficient sensitivity and specificity for detecting the location of prostate cancer and can potentially be employed as a clue-providing method prior to the TRUS-guided biopsy.

Background: Prostate cancer continues to be diagnosed with increasing frequency. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MP-MRI) has a favorable correlation with prostatectomy histopathology findings. These advanced functional imaging techniques may help increase the sensitivity of prostate cancer detection and the accuracy of predicting the Gleason score (GS), which is a measure of cancer aggressiveness. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine associations between MP-MRI parameter and whole-mount pathological finding as reference standard. Patients and Methods: Twenty-four consecutive prostate cancer patients who underwent an MRI exam followed by radical prostatectomy were incorporated in this study. The average time between MRI and prostatectomy was 40 days (7-100 days). All patients had biopsy proven adenocarcinoma of the prostate and the mean GS was 6. 7 (median, 7; range 6-9). Results: The mean age was 59  7 years. The mean serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 7. 81  5. 73 ng/mL. The GS ranged from 6 to 9 and most patients (79%) had a GS of 7. MRI data were correlated to biopsy results. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between GS and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements (r =-0. 926, P = 0. 01), and a strong positive correlation between Gleason scores and MRS measurements (r = 0. 965, P = 0. 01). No significant correlation was observed between any of the dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) parameters and GS. Conclusion: Combining anatomical and functional MRI significantly improves prostate cancer localization. It is a useful tool in the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer as well as a valid tool for assessing men on active surveillance. However, it should not be seen as a replacement for tissue biopsy.

Purpose: The current study aimed to evaluate multiparametric MRI for the diagnosis of type of tumor (benign or malignant) in patients suspicious of inner gland prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 44 consecutive patients with a clinical impression of prostate cancer who were referred to the MRI department of Payambaran Hospital, Tehran, Iran for confirmative diagnostic evaluation. Cases suspected of tumor relapse and those who previously underwent treatment for prostate cancer were excluded. Multiparametric MRI was performed for every patient by using a 1. 5 Tesla device with an integrated endorectal and pelvic-phased array coil. All patients subsequently underwent MRItransrectal ultrasound fusion biopsy. The diagnostic value of each sequence was then investigated individually and in combination with other techniques by comparing the results with histological findings from MRI– TRUS fusion biopsy. Results: Among the techniques, T2-weighted imaging (T2W) had the highest sensitivity and specificity while dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) technique had the least. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) had a similar sensitivity and specificity and did not significantly differ from T2W. Adding functional techniques to T2W did not improve diagnostic indices compared to T2W alone. Quantitative evaluation of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), DWI, and MRS showed that all techniques were able to differentiate between benign and malignant tumors. However, the quantitative combination of these sequences decreased diagnostic performance. Conclusion: T2W is the best technique for the diagnosis of type of tumor in terms of benignancy or malignancy in patients suspicious of inner gland prostate cancer. Adding functional imaging measurements to T2W does not improve its diagnostic value.